Silent Discharges in Ozonisers and CO2 Lasers

Hollow Cathode Discharges for Gas Lasers

With the exception of the 632.8 nm neon line all the important visible and ultraviolet cw gas laser lines belong to the spectra of ionized atoms. To achieve proper laser oscillation the excitation of the upper levels of these lines is of primary importance. High energy electrons are needed for this process. As such electrons are in high concentration in the hollow cathode discharge, it was obvi...

OPTIMAL NOZZLE SHAPES OF CO2-N2-H2O GASDYNAMIC LASERS

In an axisymmetric CO2-N2-H2O gas dynamic laser, let ? denote the intersection of the vertical plane of symmetry with the upper part of the (supersonic) nozzle. To obtain a maximal small signal gain, some authors have tested several families of curves for ?. To find the most general solution for ?, an application of Pontryagin’s principle led to the conjuncture that the optimal ? must consist o...

Co2, Er:yag and Nd:yag Lasers in Endodontic Surgery

OBJECTIVES CO(2), Er:YAG and Nd:YAG lasers have been used in endodontic surgery. This in vitro study evaluated 1% Rhodamine B dye penetration using computer-assisted morphometry (ImageTool Software) of 108 endodontically treated human permanent canines. MATERIAL AND METHODS Teeth were divided into 9 groups according to the technique used: A: 90-degree apicoectomy with bur, root-end cavity pre...

Extremely compact soft X-ray lasers based on capillary discharges

Extremely compact high repetition rate soft X-ray lasers based on capillary discharge excitation have demonstrated average powers of a few milliWatt at 46.9 nm, milli-Joule-level pulse energy, peak spectral brightness several orders of magnitude larger than third-generation synchrotron beam lines, and excellent spatial coherence. Examples of the use of a capillary discharge soft X-ray laser in ...

The top ten myths about CO2 lasers in dentistry.